Kathleen Barnes’ (LINK: www.kathleenbarnes.com) most recent book, Food Is Medicine: 101 Prescriptions from the Garden, is a comprehensive guide to the healing power of food, much of which you can grow in your own garden or buy at your local farmers market. Barnes offers food-based solutions to 101 health problems-ranging from the simplest—cuts and bruises, acne, insect bites or splitting nails—to the complex and serious ones, like diabetes, heart disease and cancer and dozens that fall in between.

Her early experience in the natural health movement began in the early ‘70s when, just out of college, Barnes’ friends and family thought she was “a little wacky” when she started talking about natural healing.

They asked:

• Why brew a cup of sage tea when it was easier to take a swig of sugar- and drug-laden cough medicine?
• Why wrap an infected cut with chewed wood sorrel rather than slapping on a little triple antibiotic from a tube?
• Why chew a few fennel seeds or drink a cup of peppermint tea rather than take a Tums?
• Why compost kitchen scraps when it is so easy to buy a bag of compost at the big-box garden center?
• Why slave away under a hot sun, watering and weeding and battling bugs and blights, when a juicy tomato was as close as the local supermarket?

Why? Because all of these remedies and a simple lifestyle contribute to health and longevity, she told friends and family and anyone who would listen. Even when Barnes was in her twenties, health and longevity were her goals. More than 40 years later, they still are.

And, happily, in 2015, millions more have joined her “wacky” ways. Today, natural remedies are found on every drugstore shelf. Even the smallest of towns, like Barnes’ beloved mountain town of Brevard, NC, have thriving farmers’ markets, health food stores and cooperative gardens. Today, most of us are aware that eating five or more servings of fruits and vegetables daily can prevent and even treat a host of diseases and illnesses. More and more of us are becoming aware of the importance of eating fresh wholesome local food that can keep us healthy, prevent disease and extend our lives. Many of us are trying to save money by growing our own food. Some of us even know the secrets of treating ailments and illnesses with herbs, fruits and vegetables.

In this book, Barnes makes those secrets common knowledge. She shares the road to good health through the freshest of fruits and vegetables, what she has learned about health and healing with the right foods grown the right way.

While she realizes it is not realistic in our time-pressured modern world to expect her readers to grow every fruit and vegetable mentioned in Food Is Medicine, she opens the door to the secrets of healing with everyday foods available to everyone close to home.

Publisher: Take Charge Books, Brevard, North Carolina

An antibiotic might be described as an antibacterial agent that inhibits bacterial growth or kills bacteria. However, colds and many other upper respiratory infections, as well as some ear infections, are caused by viruses, not bacteria. If antibiotics are used too often for things they can’t treat—like colds or other viral infections—they can stop working effectively against bacterial infections. This phenomenon is known as antibiotic resistance, and is a direct result of antibiotic overuse.¹ As it currently stands, antibiotic overuse represents a significant health risk to modern society. This article will examine antibiotic overuse, as well as the use of herbal medicines that may present a viable alternative to the use of antibiotics or when antibiotics are not indicated.

A Historical Perspective
At the beginning of the 20th century, illnesses caused by infectious diseases ranked as the most common cause of death in North America. By the middle of the century, the diagnosis, prevention, and management of infectious diseases had advanced dramatically, raising false hopes that many infectious diseases would be eliminated by the end of the 20th century. Unfortunately, clinicians, public health officials, and microbiologists have confronted an unprecedented number of resurgent and “new” infectious diseases on a global scale, with antibiotic resistance being among the new diseases represents one of the most serious threats to human health, and a serious threat to the treatment of infectious diseases.²

Ramifications Of Antibiotic Resistance
The overuse of antibiotics contributes to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant infections (ARIs) that are costly and difficult to treat.^3,4 Ongoing and consistent use of antibiotics allows microbes the opportunity to evolve, enabling them to efficiently adapt to new environments. A single dose of antibiotics leads to a greater risk of resistant organisms to that antibiotic in the person for up to a year.⁵ Drug-resistant “superbug” infections, such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium difficle, are a significant cause of mortality. In 2005, more than 95,000 people in the U.S. developed severe MRSA infections, which led to 9,000 deaths.^6,7 In the U.S., ARIs are responsible for $20 billion in excess health care costs, $35 billion in societal costs and $8 million in additional hospital days. Reducing ARIs by just 20 percent would save $3.2 to $5.2 billion in health care costs each year and eliminate up to $11.3 million in additional in-hospital days for patients with ARIs.⁸ Even mainstream media has recognized the problem.

According to a report by CBS News:
Antibiotic overuse has led to the growth of drug-resistant strains of bacteria. Each year 90,000 Americans die from health care-associated infections, many of which are drugresistant. And, the number is growing. From 1993 to 2005 the number of hospital stays involving Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)—bacteria that causes severe infections such as bloodstream infections, surgical site infections, or pneumonia—went up from 1,900 to 368,000 in the U.S. alone. Deaths due to Clostridium difficle—bacteria commonly known as C. diff that causes several diarrhea and intestinal problems—went up 35 percent each year from 1999 to 2004.⁹

Reasons For Antibiotic Overuse
So why are antibiotics overused in the first instance? The answer is four-pronged. First, determining if an infection is viral or bacterial is expensive and time-consuming and concerns over malpractice lead many physicians to over-prescribe antibiotics.^10,11 Second, some patients pressure providers to prescribe antibiotics for conditions for which they are inappropriate, such as the common cold or sore throat, or inappropriately save antibiotics for later use, both of which can lead to increased antibiotic resistance.^12,13 Third, approximately 70 percent of antibiotics used in the U.S. are used in the non-therapeutic (prophylactic) treatment of livestock cattle, swine, and poultry, and although the FDA issued voluntary guidelines in 2010 urging farmers not to use antibiotics for livestock growth, the guidelines are not yet mandatory.^14,15 Fourth, evidence-based research on appropriate and inappropriate antibiotic use is often lacking in the medical community.¹⁶ A fifth reason may be public ignorance.

An Unfortunate Case Of Ignorance
Part of the growing problem of antibiotic resistance in the United States may be attributed to the fact that many Americans don’t know what the drugs should be used for and what they can actually do. The Pew Charitable Trusts in conjunction with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) surveyed 1,004 adults about their understanding about the use of antibiotics. In addition, they asked focus groups of frequent antibiotic users as well as a cross section of adults about their antibiotic-use beliefs and habits. Only 44 percent of surveyed Americans recognized as somewhat or a big problem that some diseases are becoming resistant to antibiotics. While 90 percent of Americans recognize that antibiotics can fight bacterial infections like strep throat, more than one-third falsely believe that they are also effective at fighting viral infections like the common cold. Furthermore, only 47 percent of Americans realize that their overuse of prescription antibiotics can harm others beside themselves.¹⁷

What Is The Goal?
In considering herbal alternatives to antibiotics, it is important to examine the intended goal in using the specific herbal medicine. Is the purpose of the herb to 1) stimulate and promote your body’s own healthy immune response, 2) directly do battle with bacteria, or 3) both? From my perspective as a credentialed herbalist and nutritionist, it is important to do both. First and foremost, you should always strive to make your immune system as healthy and functional as possible. This way, when unwanted bacteria and viruses do invade, your immune system will be in a good position to fit back. Following is a discussion of a few key herbs (and a few other dietary supplements) that can help you achieve these goals. Please keep in mind that given the space limitations of this article, it will not be possible to address all immune/antibacterial herbs. However, for a comprehensive treatise on the topic, I recommend Herbal Antibiotics: Natural Alternatives for Treating Drug-Resistant Bacteria, by Stephen Harrod Buhner.

Diet And The Immune System
Before jumping into the herbs, I just want to say a couple of words about your diet. It is important to restrict sugar since sugar interferes with the ability of white blood cells to destroy bacteria. I’m not talking about the type or amount of sugar you get from eating fruit, but rather the amount you get from drinking soda and eating sweets and other junk food. Likewise, alcohol interferes with a wide variety of immune defenses, and excessive dietary fat reduces natural killer cell activity. So just eating a healthy diet can be beneficial for good immune function.¹⁸ Now, onto the herbs.

Echinacea
Arguably, Echinacea is the granddaddy of all immune-enhancing herbs. Best known for its use in the treatment of the common cold, there are three species of Echinacea commonly used in herbal medicine: Echinacea purpurea, E. angustifolia, and E. pallida (of these, the first two are most popular). The aerial (above ground) parts of the herb and the root contain the medicinal components, including phenolics, caffeic acid esters (e.g., echinacosides), flavonoids, alkylamides, volatile oils, polysaccharides, polyacetylenes.¹⁹

Echinacea is an immune stimulant/supporter. It is excellent in helping to prevent and treat colds and influenza. Research reveals that Echinacea supports the immune system by activating white blood cells (lymphocytes and macrophages).²⁰ Echinacea also increases the production of interferon, an immune component that is important in responding to viral infections.²¹

Several double-blind, clinical studies have confirmed Echinacea’s effectiveness in treating colds and flu.^22,23,24,25 However, some research suggests that Echinacea may be more effective if used at the onset of these conditions.^26,27 One study involving 238 subjects confirmed that Echinacea was safe and effective in producing a rapid improvement of cold symptoms. In the subgroup of patients who started therapy at an early phase of their cold, the effectiveness of Echinacea was most prominent.²⁸ In a similar study, 246 subjects with a cold were treated with Echinacea preparations or a placebo. Those treated with the Echinacea preparations experienced a reduction of symptoms, significantly more effective than the placebo. The researchers concluded that the Echinacea preparations “represent a low risk and effective alternative to the standard symptomatic medicines in the acute treatment of common cold.”²⁹

In a meta-analysis of 14 studies³⁰, researchers found that taking Echinacea cut the risk of catching the common cold by 58 percent, and if subjects already had a cold it decreased the duration by 1.4 days. In one of the studies, Echinacea taken in combination with vitamin C reduced cold incidence by 86 percent, and when the herbal was used alone the incidence of cold was reduced by 65 percent. The bottom line is that when used appropriately, Echinacea is effective in preventing and treating the common cold.

NOTE: A much-publicized study from the July 28, 2005 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine concluded that Echinacea did not have a significant effect on infection with a rhinovirus (one of the 200 viruses that can cause the common cold), but the methodology has been strongly questioned by herbal experts. One such error in methodology is the fact that the study did not use a commercially available product, and dosage was lower than the dose typically used in research and common practice.

Besides colds and flu, Germany’s Commission E Monographs (an internationally authoritative source of credible information on the use of herbs for various disorders) indicates that among Echinacea’s uses, this herb can be used to treat chronic infections of the respiratory tract.³¹ Other current and evidence based uses of Echinacea include, but are not limited to: Vaginal candidiasis, ear, urinary and sinus infections, allergies, herpes, cystitis, bronchitis, prostatitis, tonsillitis, and laryngitis.³²

A good dosage range for Echinacea extract is 200–300 mg, jumping up to 900–1200 mg daily (in 3–5 divided doses) for acute infection (e.g. cold or flu).³³ While some sources have suggested that Echinacea should not be used with drugs intended to suppress the immune system, such suggestions are speculative and lack clinical documentation.³⁴

At this point is should also be noted there is a popular misconception that Echinacea should only be used for a limited period of time, since it will cease its effectiveness otherwise. This misconception was based upon misinterpretations of a specific study on Echinacea, which demonstrated decreased immune activity after about 10 days.³⁵ However, if the study is carefully read, it is clear that the Echinacea was only administered for five days; after which point it was discontinued. Only when it was discontinued did immune activity begin to decline; and even then it still remained elevated above normal for a few days.³⁶ Furthermore, other research (as well as a history of traditional use) support the effectiveness of Echinacea when used for extended periods of time.¹¹

Andrographis and Eleutherococcus senticosus
Andrographis paniculata has a history of use in both Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine.³⁷ It contains a number of bitter constituents, which appear to have both immune-stimulating and anti-inflammatory activity.³⁸ Double-blind studies have found that Andrographis may help reduce the severity of symptoms in individuals suffering from the common cold.^39,40,41,42

In the very recent past, Eleutherococcus senticosus, or Eleuthero for short, was commonly called “Siberian Ginseng.” This name was botanically incorrect since Eleuthero is not even in the same genus (plant family) as Panax ginseng. Nevertheless, like Panax species, Eleuthero shows excellent adaptogenic activity (an adaptogen is an agent that helps the body adapt to stress). Russian explorers, divers, sailors, and miners also used Eleuthero to prevent stress-related illness.⁴³ In addition, evidence also suggests that Eleuthero may prove valuable in the long-term management of various diseases of the immune system, including HIV infection and chronic fatigue syndrome.⁴⁴ In Chinese medicine, it was used to prevent respiratory tract infections, colds and flu.

Of particular interest is using a combination of Andrographis and Eleuthero to treat upper respiratory infections. In two randomized, parallel-group clinical studies⁴⁵, patients diagnosed with influenza (540 patients and 66 patients, respectively) were treated with a combination of Andrographis and Eleuthero, or nothing at all (in the control group). In both studies, the differences in the duration of sick leave (7.2 days versus 9.8 days in the control group) and frequency of post-influenza complications indicated that the Andrographis/Eleuthero combination contributed to quicker recovery and reduced the risk of post-influenza complications. The results showed that in Andrographis/Eleuthero-treated patients the symptoms had become less pronounced and the temperature had returned more rapidly to normal values, and symptoms such as headache, muscle pain, and conjunctivitis disappeared sooner than in patients of the control group.

In addition, two randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group clinical trials⁴⁶ were performed to investigate the effect of an Andrographis/Eleuthero combination in the treatment of uncomplicated upper-respiratory tract infections. This includes common cold, rhinitis, nasopharyngitis (Inflammation of the nasal passages and of upper sore throat) and pharyngitis (sore throat). There were 46 patients in one study, and 179 patients in another. In both studies, the total symptom score and total diagnosis score showed highly significant improvement in the Andrographis/ Eleuthero group as compared with the placebo. Throat symptoms/signs, were found to show the most significant improvement. There was a 55 percent better improvement in the symptom score for the treatment group as compared with the placebo group.

Also, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical study⁴⁷ was carried out to evaluate the effect of an Andrographis/Eleuthero combination in the treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections, including sinusitis. Ninetyfive individuals in the treatment group and 90 individuals in the placebo group completed the study according to the protocol. Temperature, headache, muscle aches, throat symptoms, cough, nasal symptoms, general malaise and eye symptoms were taken as outcome measures with given scores. The total score analysis showed a highly significant improvement in the Andrographis/Eleuthero combination group versus the placebo. The individual symptoms of headache and nasal and throat symptoms together with general malaise showed the most significant improvement while cough and eye symptoms did not differ significantly between the groups. Temperature was moderately reduced in the Andrographis/Eleuthero combination group. The authors of the study concluded that the Andrographis/Eleuthero combination had a positive effect in the treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections and also relieved the inflammatory symptoms of sinusitis.

Doses of Andrographis/Eleuthero should be in the range of in the range of 340 mg Andrographis paniculata extract (providing 21 mg andrographolide and deoxyandrographolide), 39 mg Eleuthero extract (providing 2 percent total Eleutheroside B and Eleutheroside E).

Berberine
Berberine is a bitter-tasting, yellow, plant alkaloid found in the roots of various herbs, including goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), barberry (Berberis vulgaris), Oregon grape (Berberis aquifolium), goldthread (Coptis chinensis) and tree turmeric (Berberis aristata). This compound has a long history of medicinal use in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. Berberine containing plants may help promote immune response by increasing the production of antigen specific immunoglobulins,⁴⁸ and may also have a direct effect against bacteria.^49,50 For example, berberine may help fight urinary tract infections since it inhibits bacteria from adhering to the wall of the urinary bladder.⁵¹ One possible mechanism by which this takes place is that berberine might inhibit bacterial sortase, a protein responsible for anchoring bacteria to cell membranes.⁵² Berberine was also shown to be effective in an integrative treatment against patients with chloroquine-resistant malaria⁵³ and bacterial-induced diarrhea.⁵⁴

In addition, berberine has activity against Candida yeast.⁵⁵ In fact, berberine was demonstrated to be effective in reducing the growth of the invasive mycelial form of Candida albicans.⁵⁶ In addition, extracellular enzymes secreted by Candida albicans are considered to be responsible for penetration of the yeast into host cells, and general overgrowth. Berberine has been shown to reduce these enzymes and the consequent adherence of Candida to epithelial cells. Furthermore, berberine was able to suppress symptoms of Candida overgrowth and accelerated elimination of the yeast.⁵⁷

Regardless of the herbal source, try to get 400 mg berberine daily.

Shiitake and AHCC
For thousands of years, mushrooms have been used as both food and medicine in various cultures. One of those mushrooms, Shiitake (Lentinula edodes)⁵⁸, is currently used for promoting healthy immune function⁵⁹, healthy liver function⁶⁰ and modulating the unwanted growth of mutated stomach⁶¹ and pancreas cells⁶², and has been validated in scientific literature for these purposes.

Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) is an extract derived from Shiitake, as well as other species of Basidiomycete family of mushrooms. AHCC is a mixture of polysaccharides, amino acids, lipids, and minerals. Oligosaccharides make up about 74 percent of AHCC.⁶³ Like its predecessor, AHCC has antioxidant effects, and is thought to act as a biological response modifier. It seems to promote the activity of natural killer (NK) cells in patients with unwanted growth of mutated cells. In animal models, it also seems to protect against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage, promote healthy blood glucose levels within a normal range, and decrease apoptosis (i.e., programmed cell death) of the thymus.⁶⁴

AHCC demonstrated early clinical promise in promoting healthy immune response. This was shown in animal research where AHCC helped restore immune response that had been negatively affected by trauma, infection, and food deprivation.⁶⁶ In humans, the effect of AHCC on immune response was investigated by measuring the number and function of circulating dendritic cells (DCs), a type of immune cell, in healthy volunteers. Twenty-one healthy volunteers were randomized to receive placebo or AHCC for four weeks. The results were that the AHCC group had a significantly higher number of total DCs compared to when they first started the study, and compared to the control subjects. Other types of immune cells were also significantly increased in the AHCC group compared to controls.⁶⁷

The effects of AHCC in a clinical setting were examined in patients who had surgery for the undesirable growth of mutated liver cells. A total of 269 patients participated in the study, with 113 receiving AHCC. The results were that the AHCC group had a significantly longer period of no recurrence of mutated liver cells, and an increased overall survival rate when compared to the control group.⁶⁸

A prospective cohort study was performed with 44 patients with undesirable growth of mutated liver cells. All of the patients underwent supportive care. Survival time, quality of life, clinical and immunological parameters related to liver function, cellular immunity, and patient status were determined. Of the 44 patients, 34 and 10 received AHCC and placebo (control) orally, respectively. Patients in the AHCC treated-group had a significantly prolonged survival when compared to the control group, and quality of life in terms of mental stability, general physical health status, and ability to have normal activities were significantly improved after three months of AHCC treatment.

An effective daily dose is 3–6 grams AHCC daily.

Pomegranates
Pomegranates are high in polyphenolic compounds, making its juice higher in antioxidant activity than red wine and green tea.⁷⁰ The most abundant of these compounds is ellagic acid, which has been shown in research to be the antioxidant responsible for the free-radical scavenging ability of pomegranate juice.⁷¹ According to some researchers⁷², the actions of pomegranate’s components suggest a wide range of clinical applications for the treatment and prevention of cancer, as well as other diseases where chronic inflammation is believed to play an essential developmental role, suggesting immune modulatory activity. Of particular interest where ARIs are concerned, one study⁷³ found that pomegranate had specific antibacterial activity against MRSA. The authors of that study suggest a beneficial effect from the daily intake of pomegranate “as dietary supplements to augment the human immune system’s antioxidant, antimalarial and antimicrobial capacities.”

The consumption of 2–8 ounces of pomegranate juice is a good daily dose.

Other Dietary Supplements For General Immune Response
In terms of dietary supplements, there are some general immune-promoting nutrients, which may have benefit promoting immune response:

• Vitamin A—Plays an important role in immune system function and helps mucous membranes, including those in the lungs, resist invasion by microorganisms.⁷⁴ Daily dose: 5,000-10,000 IU.
• Vitamin C—Stimulates the immune system by both elevating interferon levels and enhancing the activity of certain immune cells.⁷⁵ Daily dose: 500-1000 mg. Increase to 1000 mg every other waking hour during acute infection.
• Zinc—Marginal deficiencies result in impairments of immune function.⁷⁶ Supplementation with zinc has been shown to increase immune function in healthy people.⁷⁷ Daily dose: 15 mg. Increase to 15 mg, three times daily in lozenge form during acute infection.
• Probiotics—Probiotics are well established for their role in immune health, and have been shown to have efficacy in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis^78,79 and irritable bowel syndrome.⁸⁰ Daily dose: 5–10 billion CFU of Lactobacillus and/or Bifidobacteria species.

Conclusion
In addition to those listed, there are many other herbs with value to the immune system and/or with antibacterial properties. These include Astragalus membranaceus, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Thuja occidentalis and Green tea, just to name a few. If it wasn’t included in this article, don’t assume it doesn’t have value. The fact is, it most likely does but I could only choose a few to discuss here. In any case, use of the herbs and other supplements discussed in this article may help you support and maintain a healthy immune system, which is your best defense against any bacteria and viruses. Likewise, some of these herbs may also have direct effects against specific microorganisms. Nevertheless, if you are sick you should see your doctor to have your individual situation assessed.

Link to References

Cold, influenza (flu) and sinusitis are three common upper respiratory conditions that affect a great many people. Besides being upper respiratory infections, they also have in common that three herbs (Andrographis, Eleuthero and Echinacea) have been shown to be effective in their treatment. This article will discuss the research associated with these herbs on the aforementioned conditions. First, however, let's have a brief review of the conditions.

Cold, flu and sinusitis
Most people contract one or more colds every year. Viruses that infect cells of the upper respiratory tract cause a cold. Since there are over 200 different species and strains of these viruses, a cold caused by one virus does not protect a person from catching a cold caused by a different one. This explains why colds can occur one after another or several times a year.¹

Influenza, or "flu," is a highly contagious viral respiratory infection. It is caused by orthomyxovirus types A, B, and C, which are spread by direct person-to-person contact or by airborne droplet spray. Flu generally occurs in the late fall and early winter and can reach epidemic proportions when a modified form of the virus emerges for which the population has no immunity. All age groups are susceptible, but the prevalence is highest in school-age children. Its clinical manifestations often resemble a severe form of the common cold.²

Sinusitis is a swelling of one or more nasal sinuses. It is caused by bacteria (streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci, Haemophilus influenzae); viruses (rhinovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus); and fungi (aspergilli, Dematiaceae, Mucoraceae, Penicillium sp.). Onset frequently occurs after an acute respiratory infection but may also be triggered by a dental procedure or gum infection, allergic rhinitis, diving or swimming episode, or sudden drop in temperature.³

Andrographis paniculata
Andrographis has a history of use in both Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine.⁴ It contains a number of bitter constituents, which appear to have both immune-stimulating and anti-inflammatory activity.⁵ Double-blind studies have found that Andrographis may help reduce the severity of symptoms in individuals suffering from the common cold.^6,7,8,9

Eleutherococcus senticosus
In the very recent past, Eleuthero was commonly called "Siberian Ginseng." Although this name was botanically incorrect since Eleuthero is not even in the same genus (plant family) as Panax ginseng, it was an understandable appellation since many of its functions were the same. For example, like Panax, Eleuthero shows excellent adaptogenic activity (an adaptogen is an agent that helps the body adapt to stress). Russian explorers, divers, sailors, and miners also used Eleuthero to prevent stress-related illness.¹⁰ In addition, evidence also suggests that Eleuthero may prove valuable in the long-term management of various diseases of the immune system, including HIV infection and chronic fatigue syndrome.¹¹ Referred to as ci wu jia in Chinese medicine, it was used to prevent respiratory tract infections, colds and flu.

Echinacea purpurea
Echinacea is an immune stimulant/supporter, and is excellent in the prevention and treatment of colds and influenza. Research suggests that Echinacea supports the immune system by activating white blood cells (lymphocytes and macrophages).¹² In addition, Echinacea appears to increase the production of interferon, which is important to the immune response of viral infections.¹³ In any case, a number of double-blind, clinical studies have confirmed Echinacea's effectiveness in treating colds and flu.^{14,15,16,17,18} However, some research suggests that Echinacea may be more effective if used at the onset of these conditions.^19,20

Besides colds and flu, Germany's Commission E Monographs (an internationally authoritative source of credible information on the use of herbs for various disorders) indicates that among Echinacea's uses, this herb can be used to treat chronic infections of the respiratory tract.²¹

Combining the herbs
Now that we've briefly reviewed what each of these herbs can do individually with regard to upper respiratory infections, let's see what some of them can do when combined together.

Treating the Flu: Andrographis & Eleuthero
In two randomized, parallel-group clinical studies²², patients diagnosed with influenza (540 patients and 66 patients, respectively) were treated with a combination of Andrographis and Eleuthero, or nothing at all (in the control group). In both studies, the differences in the duration of sick leave (7.2 days vs. 9.8 days in the control group) and frequency of post-influenza complications indicated that the Andrographis/Eleuthero combination contributed to quicker recovery and reduced the risk of post-influenza complications. The results showed that in Andrographis/Eleuthero-treated patients the symptoms had become less pronounced and the temperature had returned more rapidly to normal values, and symptoms such as headache, muscle pain, and conjunctivitis disappeared sooner than in patients of the control group.

Treating the Common Cold & More: Andrographis & Eleuthero
Two randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group clinical trials were performed to investigate the effect of an Andrographis/Eleuthero combination in the treatment of uncomplicated upper-respiratory tract infections. This includes common cold, rhinitis, nasopharyngitis (Inflammation of the nasal passages and of upper sore throat) and pharyngitis (sore throat). There were 46 patients in one study, and 179 patients in another. In both studies, the total symptom score and total diagnosis score showed highly significant improvement in the Andrographis/Eleuthero group as compared with the placebo. Throat symptoms/signs, were found to show the most significant improvement. There was a 55 percent better improvement in the symptom score for the treatment group as compared with the placebo group.

Treating Upper Respiratory Infections & Sinusitis Andrographis & Eleuthero
A double blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical study was carried out to evaluate the effect of an Andrographis/Eleuthero combination in the treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections, including sinusitis. Ninety-five individuals in the treatment group and 90 individuals in the placebo group completed the study according to the protocol. Temperature, headache, muscle aches, throat symptoms, cough, nasal symptoms, general malaise and eye symptoms were taken as outcome measures with given scores. The total score analysis showed a highly significant improvement in the Andrographis/Eleuthero combination group versus the placebo. The individual symptoms of headache and nasal and throat symptoms together with general malaise showed the most significant improvement while cough and eye symptoms did not differ significantly between the groups. Temperature was moderately reduced in the Andrographis/Eleuthero combination group. The authors of the study concluded that the Andrographis/Eleuthero combination had a positive effect in the treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections and also relieved the inflammatory symptoms of sinusitis.

Treating the Common Cold: Andrographis & Eleuthero, and Echinacea
In this study, treatment with an Andrographis/Eleuthero combination was compared to treatment with an Echinacea purpurea extract, both together with a standard treatment for the common cold in 130 children aged between 4 and 11 years over a period of 10 days. The patients were assigned to one of the three groups. In the control group, 39 patients received only standard treatment. It was found that the treatment with the Andrographis/Eleuthero combination was significantly more effective than treatment with Echinacea when started at an early stage of uncomplicated common colds. The cold symptoms were less severe in the Andrographis/Eleuthero group, with benefits particularly pronounced in the amount of nasal secretion and congestion. Although Echinacea was not as effective as the Andrographis/Eleuthero combination in this study, it was still more effective than standard treatment alone.

Conclusions
Individually or in combination, Andrographis, Eleuthero and Echinacea have significant potential for treating upper respiratory infections, including colds, flu and sinusitis. For an acute infection, doses in the range of 340 mg Andrographis paniculata extract (providing 21 mg andrographolide and deoxyandrographolide), 39 mg Eleuthero extract (providing 2 percent total Eleutheroside B and Eleutheroside E) and 800 mg Echinacea purpurea herb extract, three times daily, will likely yield good results.

References

1. Bruno G. Ailments & Natural Remedies. NewYork: Fifty-Ninth Street Bridge Publishing Corp.; 2001:75.
2. Bruno G. Ailments & Natural Remedies. New York: Fifty-Ninth Street Bridge Publishing Corp.; 2001:103.
3. Bruno G. Ailments & Natural Remedies. New York: Fifty-Ninth Street Bridge Publishing Corp.; 2001:195.
4. Bone K. Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs: Monographs for the Western Herbal Practitioner. Queensland, Australia: Phytotherapy Press; 1996:96-100.
5. Bone K. Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs: Monographs for the Western Herbal Practitioner. Queensland, Australia: Phytotherapy Press; 1996:96-100.
6. Thamlikitkul V, Dechatiwongse T, Theerapong S, et al. Efficacy of Andrographis paniculata, Nees for pharyngotonsillitis in adults. J Med Assoc Thai1991;74:437-42.
7. Melchior J, Palm S, Wikman G. Controlled clinical study of standardized Andrographis paniculata extract in common cold-a pilot trial. Phytomedicine 1996;3:314-8.
8. Hancke J, Burgos R, Caceres D, Wikman G. A double-blind study with a new monodrug Kan Jang: Decrease of symptoms and improvement in recovery from common colds. Phytother Res 1995;9:559-62.
9. Cáceres DD, Hancke JL, Burgos RA, et al. Use of visual analogue scale measurements (VAS) to assess the effectiveness of standardized Andrographis paniculata extract SHA-10 in reducing the symptoms of common cold. A randomized double blind-placebo study. Phytomedicine 1999;6:217-23.

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is one of those herbal medicines that have been in use for thousands of years. Steeped in wine, lemon balm was used in ancient Greek and Roman cultures for various medicinal purposes, including the treatment of wounds and to treat venomous bites and stings.¹ These same uses also occurred in traditional Indian medicine.² Furthermore, old European medical herbals report its memory-improving properties.³ Modern uses tend to be more in the area of lemon balm’s calming effects, as well as its properties in soothing gastrointestinal complaints, although there has been some research in the area of cognitive function and antioxidant protection against radiation. This article will discuss the internal uses of lemon balm.

Calming Effects of Lemon Balm Anxiety disorders are common in many Western countries, and conventional drugs like benzodiazepines are often prescribed to relieve anxiety. However, these drugs have worrisome short-term and long-term side effects. Nervine herbs (herbs that quiet nervous excitement) have a long history of traditional use in relieving anxiety, insomnia, and mild depression. Case in point, lemon balm is often used as a mild mood elevator and calming herb in people with anxiety. It has been shown to improve attention and calmness in healthy volunteers,⁴ and reduce agitation in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (see discussion below under “Cognitive function”).⁵

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, balanced-crossover study,⁶ 18 healthy volunteers received two separate single doses of a standardized lemon balm extract (300 mg, 600 mg) and a placebo, on separate days separated by a 7-day washout period to assess laboratory-induced psychological stress. The results showed that the 600 mg dose improved the negative mood effects of the stress, with significantly increased self-ratings of calmness. In addition, a significant increase in the speed of mathematical processing, with no reduction in accuracy, was observed after ingestion of the 300 mg dose.

In Germany, lemon balm is licensed as a standard medicinal tea to help promote sleep. This is due to the fact that Germany’s Commission E (their version of the FDA for natural medicines) approved the use of lemon balm for nervous sleeping disorders.⁷ Likewise, ESCOP, the European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy (an umbrella organization representing national herbal medicine or phytotherapy [aka, herbal medicine] associations across Europe), lists tenseness, restlessness and irritability among the uses for lemon balm.⁸ Furthermore, Health Canada has approved lemon balm for traditional use as an herbal medicine sleep aid (in cases of restlessness or insomnia due to mental stress).⁹ In addition, combining lemon balm with valerian root has also been shown to have benefit in sleep disorders. A combination of 80 mg lemon balm leaf extract and 160 mg valerian root extract three times daily improved the quality and quantity of sleep in healthy people,¹⁰ while the same dose once or twice daily decreased symptoms in children under age 12 years who have pathological restlessness.¹¹

Soothing gastrointestinal complaints
As with its calming effects, in Germany lemon balm is also licensed as a standard medicinal tea for gastrointestinal tract disorders and approved by Commission E for functional gastrointestinal complaints.¹² Similarly, ESCOP lists for symptomatic treatment of digestive disorders, such as minor spasms, among its internal uses.¹³ Also, Health Canada has approved lemon balm for traditional use as an herbal medicine to help relieve digestive disturbances, such as dyspepsia.¹⁴ The approved modern therapeutic applications for lemon balm are supportable based on its long history of use in well-established systems of traditional medicine, on phytochemical investigations, and on its documented pharmacological actions reported in in-vitro studies and in-vivo experiments in animals.¹⁵

Lemon balm has also been used in clinical research along with other herbs for soothing gastrointestinal complaints. In one study, breast-fed infants with colic who were given 97 mg lemon balm, 164 mg fennel and 178 mg German chamomile twice daily for a week had reduced crying times compared to placebo.¹⁶ In another research, a 1 mL combination of lemon balm plus peppermint leaf, German chamomile, caraway, licorice, clown’s mustard plant, celandine, angelica, and milk thistle given orally three times daily over a period of four weeks to people with dyspepsia (i.e. indigestion) significantly reduced severity of acid reflux, epigastric pain, cramping, nausea, and vomiting compared to placebo.¹⁷

Cognitive function
Some laboratory research has shown that lemon balm has cholinergic-binding properties, which means that it may have some of the cognitive and memory promoting effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. To test this hypothesis, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, balanced-crossover study¹⁸ was conducted to investigate the effects of lemon balm on cognition and mood in 20 healthy, young participants. Single doses of 300, 600 and 900 mg of lemon balm extract (or matching placebo) were used at 7-day intervals. Cognitive performance was assessed immediately prior to dosing and at 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 hours thereafter. Results demonstrated improvements in cognitive function, as well as “calmness” at the earliest time points by the lowest dose, while “alertness” was significantly reduced at all time points following the highest dose. Overall, these results suggest that low doses of lemon balm may enhance calmness and high doses may have a mild sedative effect. A follow-up study showed essentially the same results.¹⁹

In addition, a 4-month, parallel group, placebo-controlled trial²⁰ was undertaken to assess the efficacy and safety of lemon balm extract (60 drops/day) in 42 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. The results were that lemon balm extract produced a significantly better outcome on cognitive function than placebo, and those using lemon balm had significantly less agitation than those in the placebo group.

Antioxidant protection against radiation
Radiology staffs are exposed to persistent low-dose radiation during work. Consequently, a study²¹ was conducted to determine the capability of lemon balm tea to improve oxidative stress status in 55 radiology staff members. They were asked to drink lemon balm tea (made from a tea bag with 1.5g lemon balm leaf) for 30 days. Results showed that the lemon balm tea resulted in significant improvements in plasma levels of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. It also promoted a marked reduction in plasma DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. The researchers concluded that lemon balm tea markedly improved oxidative stress condition and DNA damage in radiology staff.

Dosage forms
Lemon balm can be used in the following dosage forms, using the following dosages:

In the case of its use as a calming agent as well as its properties in treating gastrointestinal complaints, administering lemon balm as a brewed herb offers the additional benefit of delivering the herb as a warm beverage, adding to its soothing qualities

References:
1. Blumenthal M (ed) et al. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Austin, TX: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000:230–2.
2. Nadkarni KM. Indian Materia Medica. Bombay: Popular Prakashan; 1976:786.
3. Blumenthal M (ed) et al. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Austin, TX: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000:230–2.
4. Abascal K, Yarnell E. Nervine herbs for treating anxiety Altern Compliment Ther. 2004 December:309–15.
5. Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M, Ohadinia S, Jamshidi AH, Khani M. Melissa officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Jul;74(7):863–6.
6. Kennedy DO, Little W, Scholey AB. Attenuation of laboratory-induced stress in humans after acute administration of Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm). Psychosom Med. 2004 Jul-Aug;66(4):607–13.
7. Blumenthal M (ed) et al. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Austin, TX: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000:230–2.
8. ESCOP. Melissae folium. Monographs on the Medicinal Uses of Plant Drugs. Exeter, U.K. European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy;1997.
9. Monograph: Lemon Balm. Health Canada. Date Modified: 2008-3-17. Retrieved February 11, 2014 from http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpidbdipsn/monoReq.do?id=125&lang=eng.
10. Cerny A, Shmid K. Tolerability and efficacy of valerian/lemon balm in healthy volunteers (a double blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study). Fitoterapia 1999;70:221–8.
11. Muller SF, Klement S. A combination of valerian and lemon balm is effective in the treatment of restlessness and dyssomnia in children. Phytomedicine 2006;13:383–7.
12. Blumenthal M (ed) et al. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Austin, TX: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000:230–2.
13. ESCOP. Melissae folium. Monographs on the Medicinal Uses of Plant Drugs. Exeter, U.K. European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy;1997.
14. Monograph: Lemon Balm. Health Canada. Date Modified: 2008-03-17. Retrieved February 11, 2014 from http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpidbdipsn/monoReq.do?id=125&lang=eng.
15. Blumenthal M (ed) et al. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Austin, TX: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000:230–2.
16. Savino F, Cresi F, Castagno E, et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of a standardized extract of Matricariae recutita, Foeniculum vulgare and Melissa officinalis (ColiMil) in the treatment of breast-fed colicky infants. Phytother Res 2005;19:335-40.
17. Melzer J, Rosch W, Reichling J, et al. Meta-analysis: phytotherapy of functional dyspepsia with the herbal drug preparation STW 5 (Iberogast). Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20:1279-87.
18. Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Tildesley NT, Perry EK, Wesnes KA. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm). Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002 Jul;72(4):953–64.
19. Kennedy DO, Wake G, Savelev S, Tildesley NT, Perry EK, Wesnes KA, Scholey AB. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of single doses of Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) with human CNS nicotinic and muscarinic receptor-binding properties. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Oct;28(10):1871–81.
20. Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M, Ohadinia S, Jamshidi AH, Khani M. Melissa officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Jul;74(7):863-6.
21. Zeraatpishe A, Oryan S, Bagheri MH, Pilevarian AA, Malekirad AA, Baeeri M, Abdollahi M. Effects of Melissa officinalis L. on oxidative status and DNA damage in subjects exposed to long-term low-dose ionizing radiation. Toxicol Ind Health. 2011 Apr;27(3):205–12.
22. Monograph: Lemon Balm. Health Canada. Date Modified: 2008-03-17. Retrieved February 11, 2014 from http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpidbdipsn/monoReq.do?id=125&lang=eng.
23. Monograph: Lemon Balm. Health Canada. Date Modified: 2008-03-17. Retrieved February 11, 2014 from http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpidbdipsn/monoReq.do?id=125&lang=eng.
24. Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M, Ohadinia S, Jamshidi AH, Khani M. Melissa officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.2003 Jul;74(7):863–6.
25. Monograph: Lemon Balm. Health Canada. Date Modified: 2008-03-17. Retrieved February 11, 2014 from http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpidbdipsn/monoReq.do?id=125&lang=eng.
26. Cerny A, Shmid K. Tolerability and efficacy of valerian/lemon balm in healthy volunteers (a double blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study). Fitoterapia 1999;70:221–8.
27. Muller SF, Klement S. A combination of valerian and lemon balm is effective in the treatment of restlessness and dyssomnia in children. Phytomedicine 2006;13:383–7.
28. Savino F, Cresi F, Castagno E, et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of a standardized extract of Matricariae recutita, Foeniculum vulgare and Melissa officinalis (ColiMil) in the treatment of breast-fed colicky infants. Phytother Res 2005;19:335–40.
29. Melzer J, Rosch W, Reichling J, et al. Meta-analysis: phytotherapy of functional dyspepsia with the herbal drug preparation STW 5 (Iberogast). Aliment Pharmacol Ther2004;20:1279–87.